Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom are constitutional monarchies; monarchs are not allowed to use their political power, but their role in promoting and enhancing philanthropy is significant.
Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, and Switzerland have relatively long histories of republics as a form of governance. The majority of the countries in the region are democratic welfare states, where social services and benefits are broadly provided by the state. According to Eurostat a , the European Union member states spent between 9. In social democratic welfare states like Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden, the government provides social services based on the principle of universalism, while in Christian democratic welfare states, like Austria, France, and Germany, social service provision is based on the principle of subsidiarity.
Despite the fact that Switzerland is characterized as a liberal state that only provides basic needs through means-tested basis Esping-Andersen , cited by Anheier , the Swiss government spent Despite the advanced level of welfare states, a socio-economic divide has been increasing in the region mainly because of the economic crisis.
While the United Kingdom has the highest levels of income inequality 0. Neither the level of income nor the level of household disposable income has reached their pre-crisis levels, nor has inequality been reduced.
With an average score of 4. The island nation of Iceland is situated just south of the Arctic Circle. The country's landscape is dominated by features such as volcanos, geysers, hot springs, and waterfalls. The country, which takes up a land area of only 39, square miles , square km , has an estimated population of , residents.
Iceland's history dates back to the 9th century and includes political alliances with neighboring countries Norway and Denmark. Iceland's capital and most populated city, Reykjavik, has the distinction of being the most northern state capital in the entire world. Reykjavik is thought to have been established in AD. Today it is home to approximately , citizens. With a land area of 93, square miles , square km , the nation is home to an estimated population of 67,, residents.
The cosmopolitan city of London serves as the capital of the United Kingdom. Located on the Thames River, London is home to an urban population of 9,, The island of Ireland is divided into the Republic of Ireland in the south and Northern Ireland, which remains part of the United Kingdom. Taking up an area of 27, square miles 70, square km , Ireland has a population of approximately 4,, people.
Its capital city, Dublin, has a metro population of 1,, residents. Lithuania is located in Europe's Baltic region. Formally known as the Republic of Lithuania, this country takes up an area of 25, square miles 65, square km and has an estimated population of 2,, The nation's capital city, Vilnius, boasts a metropolitan population of , JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website.
The current relationship between the Nordic countries and the European Union appears complex and confusing. Although Denmark, in , and Sweden and Finland, in , joined the European Union, the entry of Norway into the Union was rejected in the plebiscites of and Finland is essentially the only Nordic country that entered the EU without substantial exceptions.
A membership bid from Iceland was unthinkable; after the financial crisis — which is not the topic of this book — Iceland applied for membership in and has been in discussions with the European Commission ever since.
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